Dear Critical Thinkers,
It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the online Critical Thinking For Language Studies course!
This week, January 2nd - 6th 2017, is designated as Week One. This is the time to introduce yourself, and familiarize yourself with the blog. There are two assignments to get you going.
1. Introduce yourself (Assignment 1). If you are not the first person to post, read the other posted messages first. Then, post a short message stating one thing you expect to learn from this course. By doing so, you will confirm your entry into the course. Your assignment wont be accepted if you haven't posted your expectation here.
2. Next, click on (Assignment 2: Reading Materials ) and find the article, “A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.” Click on the article title and download it or read it on the web if your connectivity allows enough time to do that. Next, follow the same process to read “What is Thinking?” Then, come back to the Blog and write a short summary of both the articles.(Post it as a Comment) to this post - “WEEK 1.”
The deadline for your assignment is 7th January, 2017.
These assignments will be considered as part of your final submission and contribute to your internal marks.
If any comments are made in a group, it is mandatory to write the names of the group members at the end.
Do make the most of this opportunity. "See you" on Blog!
With warmest regards,
Anna ma'm
It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the online Critical Thinking For Language Studies course!
This week, January 2nd - 6th 2017, is designated as Week One. This is the time to introduce yourself, and familiarize yourself with the blog. There are two assignments to get you going.
1. Introduce yourself (Assignment 1). If you are not the first person to post, read the other posted messages first. Then, post a short message stating one thing you expect to learn from this course. By doing so, you will confirm your entry into the course. Your assignment wont be accepted if you haven't posted your expectation here.
2. Next, click on (Assignment 2: Reading Materials ) and find the article, “A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.” Click on the article title and download it or read it on the web if your connectivity allows enough time to do that. Next, follow the same process to read “What is Thinking?” Then, come back to the Blog and write a short summary of both the articles.(Post it as a Comment) to this post - “WEEK 1.”
The deadline for your assignment is 7th January, 2017.
These assignments will be considered as part of your final submission and contribute to your internal marks.
If any comments are made in a group, it is mandatory to write the names of the group members at the end.
Do make the most of this opportunity. "See you" on Blog!
With warmest regards,
Anna ma'm
Hello everyone, I am Bharti Sadarangani. I expect my critical thinking skills to be triggered and strengthen through this course, so that I can be reflective and independent thinker.I want to learn to think about thinking rationally and logically.
ReplyDeleteHi all, I am Shreya Painter, I want to learn critical thinking to understand how to criticize the certain things and how we can think deeply and evaluate the different ideas and problems, so the purpose of learning the critical thinking skill is to enhance my thinking for different aspects.
ReplyDeleteHello, I am Vikas Baria,I want to develop my critical thinking skill. How I think logically and clearly.I axcept my critical thinking will help in future.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone I am Jitendra Vasava. When I came to know that we have one paper of critical thanking I was so excited to learn it. I want to become a good thinker and also critical thinker. It helps us in our day to day life. I want to know what is critical thinking and how it is different from the general thinking. How critical thinking helps us in teaching profession? Why we should learn critical thinking? These are things I expect to learn from the critical course.
ReplyDeleteMy name is Hasmukh Chaudhari, I want to learn critical thinking because when Mr. Milan Panday conducted one day workshop at our institute I was totally surprised the way he spoke and explained us about what is critical thinking? and how to think critically?. After that once again I get a chance to drive into the world of critical thinking and this time i'm excited because not just going to listen about critical thinking but also going to read and write critically and it's begin from here. Thank you.
ReplyDeleteI am Chirag Modh,My aim is to learn critical thinking for involves logic as well as creativity. It may involve inductive and deductive reasoning, analysis and problem-solving as well as creative, innovative and complex approaches to the resolution of issues and challenges.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone I am Honey patel i would like to say about this paper. The process of critical thinking involves the careful acquisition and interpretation of information and use of it to reach a well-justified conclusion. The concepts and principles of critical thinking can be applied to any context or case but only by reflecting upon the nature of that application. so my aim for this paper is use critical thinking in day to day life.
ReplyDeleteHi everyone, I am Blessy Babu. Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. Through this course, I expect to improve my ability to reason and to become an active learner. I also want to improve problem solving and decision making ability to broaden the horizon of my knowledge. I believe that I can achieve these with the help of critical thinking.
ReplyDelete
ReplyDeleteHi,
I am Rahul Darji. When I know that we are going to deal with one paper called critical thanking I was think that it's is something related with developing our new idea,thinking something new. I would like to see my self as critical thinker. It will help me to become a good writer. Critical thinking develop my level of thinking .Those are the expectations from this course.
Hii I'am Amani Sreeramoju for me Critical thinking is something to ponder upon a beneficial thing to get better outcomes critical thinking exercises our brain so that it would work productively and I'am definitely looking forward to enhance my skill on critical thinking.
ReplyDeleteHello evryone I am Jinal Doshi .Critical thinking means that to make a clear and reasoned judgement. Through this course I want enhance my skill of thinking clearly and logically and also want to learn how to make clear and reasoned judgement.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteHello evryone I am Mrudulata Rathod. Through critical thinking I want to enhance my skill of evaluating and synthesizing information and also want to learn how to reach at clear and reasoned judgement.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteI am Apoorv Joshi.I expect to learn how to analysis my thinking ability through this course. Critical thinking is a valuable part of thinking. It creates hypotheses and visions of our ideas.I would like to learn how to create, construct and design my idea.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone i am Sunita Vankar .Critical thinking can help us acquire knowledge, improve our theories, and strengthen arguments.Through this course i want to enhance my skill of thinking clearly and logically.
ReplyDeleteI am Nikita patel.I know the difference between about the critical thinking and general thinking.I except my critical thinking must be improved and it helps me in the future.Through this course I want develop my critical thinking skill clearly,scientifically and logically.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone I am Ranjan Rathva, I would like to say about this paper.
ReplyDeleteCritical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally.I expect to learn how to analysis my thinking ability through this course.Through this course I want enhance my skill of thinking clearly and logically and also want to learn how to make clear and reasoned judgement. so i would like to learn this paper.
I am Priyanka Gavit. with the help of critical thinking i expect to understand the links between the ideas and approach the problems in a consistent and systematic way.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone I am Janki Patel. Critical thinking can help us to deep thinking acquire knowledge and improve our thinking level. I want to improve my thinking skill. I believe that I can improve this skill from this course.
ReplyDeleteI am Ataul. Critical thinking is basically ‘Problem solving skill.’ Generally it is part of the process of evaluating the evidence collected problem solving or the result produced by thinking creatively.
ReplyDeleteI need to know how use the process of analysis,inference,interpretation,explanation and self-regulation. It is requires inquisitive,systematic,analytical,judicious,truth seeking,open minded and confident disposition toward critical thinking process.
I am Payal Bhatt. Critical thinking is important thing in the life of human being and it is important in the every stage of life so I want to explore myself to the world of critical thinking.
ReplyDeleteHello,everyone i am khushbu Patel. Through critical thinking I expect to improved my cognitive skills,self intellectual and Creative Mindset.It will help me being able to make better strategic and more effective decisions.
ReplyDeleteHii..everyone, I am Iqbalhusain momin. i want to learn critical thinking because through the critical thinking we can think deeply,logically and clearly to the ideas and certain things.critical thinking can develop my thinking level and I want to become a good thinker so I expact all these things to learn from this course.
ReplyDeleteReference Article 1: Richard Paul., Linda Elder., & Ted Bartell. (1997). California Teacher Preparation for Instruction in Critical Thinking: Research Findings and Policy Recommendations: State of California, California Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Sacramento, CA.
ReplyDeleteThe article gives a history of Critical Thinking starting from Socrates ideas through to Renaissance and then to the 20th century. It also touches upon how critical thinking evolved in science, society and politics. Foundation of modern science was established through critical thinking and utilising its tools of data gathering and validation process. Authors acknowledge that how the resources and tools of critical thinking are now highly developed through the contributions of hundreds of thinkers through ages. These tools and resources help us to find truth and real facts.
William Graham Sumner recognized the deep need for critical thinking in life and in education. He believed that education in the critical faculty is the only education of which it can be truly said that it makes good citizens. So, it becomes very important that critical thinking should be encouraged in all students irrespective of the subject matter they are taught. The basic process of critical thinking can be extended to any walk of life. This will enhance the quality of education and make better citizens.
Hello, I am Ajay Dabhi. critical thinking is very important skill to be learnt. it helps to everyone to think logically. it also helps to reach to make a right decision.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone I am Emmanuel.Through critical thinking I improve my acquire knowledge and thinking level. I can analysis my thinking ability through this paper.through this course I want to develop critical thinking skill.
ReplyDeletehello everyone I am Bhavisha pavar. critical thinking plays an important role in decision making.I will learn from this paper that how to analyze different decisions and to follow the right one.
ReplyDeleteName: S. Amani (02) & Blessy Babu (09)
ReplyDeleteTASK 2: Summary of Article 1: A Brief history of idea of critical thinking
Since the age of Socrates the concept of critical thinking has been prevalent. Famous philosopher Socrates 2500 years ago discovered a method of questioning. According to him people are not able to justify the knowledge. They are confused by meanings, inadequate evidence etc. Socrates proved that one cannot depend upon those in authority to have sound knowledge and insight. He established the importance of asking deep questions and asks us to think before we believe. His method is now known as “Socrates Questioning” and is the best known critical thinking strategy. Socrates is the founder of critical thinking and this was followed by Plato, Aristotle and other Greek philosophers.
In the Middle Ages thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas embodied the new writing and teaching in the field of critical thinking. Aquinas heightened the awareness and need of reasoning. During the period of Renaissance scholars such as Colet, Erasmus and Moore began to think critically about religion, art, society, human native, law and freedom. Francis Bacon in his book ‘The advancement of learning’ argued that importance of studying the world empirically. His book is considered as one of the earlier text in critical thinking.
After 50 years, Descartes in his second book ‘Rules for the direction of mind’ talks about the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He developed a method based on principle of systematic doubt. He claimed that every part of thinking should be questioned, doubted and tested. Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of new social order Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique.
In the 16th and 17th century Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world and he explained by evidence and reasoning. But in the 18th century, thinkers extended our concepts of critical thinking and many new works about critical thinking were published. In the 19th century, critical thought was extended even further into the domain of human life. The critical thinking applied in the issues of problems of capitalism, critique of Carl Max, Darwin’s Descent of man, works of Sigmund Freud, Cultural issues, Anthropological studies, Language and Linguistics etc .In the 20th century understanding about critical thinking emerged increasingly. William Graham Sumner published a work called ‘Folkways’ which talks about the tendency of human mind to think socio centrically.
It is very important to remember that more than hundred writers contributed to the discipline of critical thinking. For educational purposes critical thinking is considered more important and it is vast too. Questioning and reasoning are baseline of critical thinking. Students can develop critical thinking step by step. They can apply it in all the subjects. Then students can thin geographically, economically, biologically, chemically etc.
Name: S. Amani (02) & Blessy Babu (09)
ReplyDeleteTask 2 Summary of Article 2: What is thinking?
Humans are complex beings with higher levels of cognitive aspects. Humans can be judged and understood by a process of focus on their human instincts or behaviour rather than experience. Dewey in 1993 came out with an overview of the term "thinking" and deduced a few points on "How we think"
¤ Thinking includes dreaming and daydreams.
¤ Thinking is an outcome of our constant imagination.
¤ Thinking is what we believe based on our knowledge and confidence.
¤ Reflective thinking begins curiosity which is what we then react to (action).
Generally, as a learner regarding his senses , the learners thinking process will constitute of imagining, pondering, reasoning, making decisions, judgements etc. Dewey thinks that it is the development of reflective thinking that plays a key role in the education of an individual and teacher grooms the thinking process in the minds of his learner without implications and only processed approach. Both philosophy and sociology of education have interfered in the lives of a learner Flavell (1976) came up with a term metacognition for this he says that thinking leads to realization a learner knows about his own cognitive processes of where he is able to cope up with and where he fails to do. Whereas self-regulation follows metacognition that is a positive approach towards our goal if created then the learner could succeed over his failures. Thinking is regarded as an internal, mental process that constructs and operates in mental representation of information. A teacher does make inferences on his learners thinking on the basis of what the learner does. Instructing prior to the students thus giving an external thrust would plant a seed of thinking in the mind of the learner. As far as sociological perspective of thinking process is concerned thinking is mostly affected by social influences and interactions among the individuals. Social influences and societal norms often are questionable these create an impact on the learner to react for or against them thus a result of thinking to modify certain constraints in it. A number of philosophical issues do also play a role in the aspect of thinking. The already existing theories would only be followed and read. But the trending knowledge across the globe demands change and a development in different contexts coming up with new concepts.
Hello, everyone. I am Bhargavi patel. Critical thinking plays an important role in our day to day life. Through this course I want to enhance my skill of thinking clearly and logically.
ReplyDeleteHello, i am Jagruti Rathva .Critical thinking is important in our daily life . It help us to think clearly and properly.Through this course i want to improve my thinking skill.
ReplyDeleteHello everyone! I expect to learn how to think critically and logically through this course. As it can help in our day to day life to think critically and it helps us to make decisions clearly and properly.
ReplyDeleteArticle 1
ReplyDeleteA brief history of the idea of Critical Thinking
This part of the article is mainly emphasized on the history of the development of Critical Thinking. It also talks about the contribution by the various thinkers in the field of Critical Thinking. The article reveals the genesis of critical thinking from the time of Socrates and the different approaches applied by the various thinkers in this field by the passing of time.
The second part of the article is about what critical thinking is and how it works out. it talks about the usefulness of critical thinking in decision making or problem solving. it also talks about how we think logically, how we use our reasoning skill to analyze the things to reach to the final decision.
In short the article is about the historical development of critical thinking and its usefulness in various disciplines.
Article: - 1
ReplyDeleteArticle name: - A Brief History of the critical Thinking
Names:- Vikas Baria and Sunita Vankar
This article gives a history of the critical thinking. Socrates establishes the intellectual roots of critical thinking. He set agenda for the tradition of critical thinking. He followed by Plato and Aristotle. In the middle ages, Thomas Aquinas the tradition of systematic critical thinking was embodied in the writing and teaching.
In the Renaissance 15th and 16th centuries a scholars Colet , Erasmus, and Moore start to thinking critically about religion, art ,low society , human nature, and freedom etc. The followed up on the insight of the ancients. Francis Bacon, in England, in his book ‘The Advancement of Learning’, he argued for the importance of studying the World empirically.
After 50 year his second book ‘Rules for the Direction of the Mind’ he argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. In the same time sir Thomas Moore developed a model of new social order in Utopia. The critical thinking of these Renaissance and post-Renaissance scholars opened the way for the emergence of science and for the development of democracy, human Rights, and freedom for thought.
Hobbes and Locke in 16th and 17th centuries, Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought.
It was in this spirit of intellectual freedom and critical thought that scholar Robert Boyle (in the 17th) and Sir Isaac Newton (17th and 18th Century).
Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot, human mind is better able to figure out the nature of the social and political world. 18th century’s thinkers developing our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools.
Comte and Spencer in 19th centuries critical thought was extended even further into the domain of human social life.
In the 20th Century the power and nature of critical thinking has emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations. In the same time Sumner recognized the deep need for critical thinking in life and in education. Criticism is the examination and test of propositions. Hundreds of thinkers have contributed to its development, the tools and resources of the critical thinker have been vastly increased in virtue of the history of critical thought.
In the second part of the article author talks about that students learn to think historically and develop skills and abilities essential to historical thought.
Hello,I am Anas Patel.I want to learn critical thinking because it is new thing to learn for me, i had never learn about critical thinking so it is interesting for me
ReplyDeleteArticle 1: A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking taken from the California Teacher Preparation for Instruction in Critical Thinking by Richard Paul, Lina Elder, and Ted Bartell.
ReplyDeleteThis article outlines the brief history of critical thinking starting from Socrates to 20th century. It highlights all the milestones in the field of critical thinking starting from Socrates to 20th century thinker called William Graham. At the end it also talks about some of the fundamentals of thought and reasoning which is the baseline for critical thinking. They serve as a guideline to the students of critical thinking as it clarifies the meaning of critical thinking. It also talks about the importance of critical thinking in current time’s .Overall this article summarizes the brief history of critical thinking and its advantage to various educational disciplines .
Article 1 :A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking
ReplyDeleteThis article talks about the brief history of critical thinking . It starts with the ancient teaching practice of Socrates almost 2500 years ago . He has given questioning technique now well known as critical thinking teaching strategy . It was the foundation of critical thinking . After Socrates in Middle Age Thomas Aquinas also gave his underlining principles for critical thinking . Then in Renaissance almost in 15th and 16th century some more scholars namely Colet , Erasmus , and Moore also followed the footsteps of Socrates in the field of critical thinking and gave their ideas related to it . This article also highlights 19th and 20th scholars contribution in the field of critical thinking .
So , overall first part of this article talks about the history of critical thinking . The other half talks about the fundamentals and importance of critical thinking in various disciplines . It also highlights the usefulness of critical thinking for the modern students .
So overall this article underlines the history and basics of critical thinking . It also highlights the importance of critical thinking in the modern times .
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteArticle1-This article mainly indicate the history of development of critical thinking.Socrates establishes the intellectual roots of critical thinking.It highlights all the milestones in the field of critical thinking.He set agenda for the tradition of critical thinking.He followed by Aristotle and Plato.In the second part they indicate what critical thinking is and how it is work out.It talks about the usefulness of critical thinking.Logic is very important in critical thinking,so how we analyze the thing to reach at the end.
ReplyDeleteSummary of the article “What is thinking?
ReplyDeleteIn general thinking means to think or guess on particular things. According to Dewey, it means uncontrolled ideas come in the mind of human being, it includes imagination and believing. Reflective thinking is one of the kinds of it. It’s means chain of ideas or thought through enquiry and conclusion. In educational context usually used to mean goal-directed process, such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining situations, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments, and generating new perspectives.
Contemporary work in psychology of education has identified the role of meta-cognition and self-regulation as a crucial important. According to Perry the word Meta =reason and Meta= thought. Meta-cognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them.
Bloom and associated psychologist conceptualized cognitive process as a means of improving teaching, learning and assessment. They focused on teaching of thinking. This view sudden became worldwide. Many people started to believe that it help to develop creativity and problem solving. Thinking is an internal and mental process that constructs and operate on mental representation of information. Thinking always takes place in social context that’s why it affect directly or indirectly to it.
Summary of the article “Foundation for critical thinking “
Critical thinking has it’s roots from the time of Socrates. He established the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept idea as worthy of belief. It is now known as ‘Socrates questioning ‘ and is the best known critical thinking strategy, from the ancient tradition emerged to think systematically.
In the middle ages ,Thomas Aquinas Who enhanced critical thinking systematically. In 15th and 16th centuries number of scholars started thinking critically in Europe. One of the best known scholars, Francis Bacon is known for his book ‘The Advancement of Learning ‘. It is considered one of the earliest texts in critical thinking. In the Italian Renaissance, Machiavelli’s ‘ The Prince” laid the foundation for modern critical political thoughts. In 18th century thinker extended our conception of critical thought.
In 19th century Sigmund Freud developed the field of anthropological studies and linguistics. In 20th century, William Graham summer published a land breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology , ‘Folkways’ in which he documented the tendency of the human mind to think socio-centrically and the parallel tendency for schools to serve the function of social indoctrination. In this way critical thinking developed till today.
Summary of “What is thinking?”
ReplyDeleteIn the general sense the word ‘thinking’ means “the action of using one's mind to produce thoughts” but in the educational sense the meaning of thinking is quiet different, here in educational context thinking is usually used to mean goal-directed process, such as remembering, forming concepts, planning, what to do and say, imagination situations, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments and generating perspectives.
For more information Dewey’s classic introduction to “How to think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. In Dewey’s view the development of reflective thought is very important goal of education, and explains how to develop this type of thinking by the role of teacher.
Both the philosophy and sociology of education have wrestled with the problems of principles and empowerment.
Here “Perry” spoke about ‘meta-reason’ and ‘meta-thought’, and “flavell” introduce the term “metacognition” which is refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive process.
There are three perspectives in given article:
In psychological perspective the pioneer work of bloom and his associates psychologists and educationalists have find a concept of multitude of cognitive processes and we can find different views of them on thinking. In sociological perspectives we can find the description on how thinking takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions. In Philosophical perspective there is a description of philosophical issues which are upon the aspect of thinking and leaning.
Article: 2 What is Thinking?
ReplyDeleteDewey introduces how we think in different senses. According to him thinking is conscious attempt to express ideas and beliefs. It is imagination. In educational context, thinking is useful to achieve goal and making decisions. Dewey threw light on reflective thought in which individual is responsible for his/her own thinking and play his/her part as a member of democratic society. According to Perry “metacognition” means meta-reason and meta- thought. There are three perspectives:
1 )Psychological Perspective:
Psychologist talk about processes to improve teaching, learning and assessment. According to cognitive psychologists brain is dominate like computer. Thagard give logical reasoning between mind and computer. People are not aware of thinking. A teacher is third person perspective who interfere on the basis of what learner does.
2) Sociological perspectives:
Thinking is affected by social surrounding of person. Individual act back when they are able to think independently. When person begins to think, he/she ask questions to himself/herself and do experiment.
3) Philosophical Perspective:
The philosophy of mind has direct relationship with the way we think. Proponents of thinking skill gave their opinion on thinking. According to them general thinking is essential before thinking in context.
Summary of article 2 : What is Thinking ?
ReplyDeleteThinking is a very complex process .Its more easy to know someone’s behavior in different situation rather than what people think and learn in different situations. Dewey's (1933) gave an overview for the term thinking in one of his introduction to "How We Think” which outlines thinking as a uncontrollable process.
In the terms of education it’s a process of reasoning, solving problems or imagining some situation .But more important is that here learner is the main or core of thinking process as he can have control on his own thinking. Here in this process main thing is meta cognition which is coined by Flavell.
Moreover in this field there are there are different perspectives i.e. psychological, sociological and philosophical perspectives. All this three highlights that thinking is a mental process which takes place in a mind consciously or unconsciously and always different in different contexts and situations.
Article 2 : What is thinking ? Excerpted from Framework for Thinking by David Moseley :
ReplyDeleteThinking is a very complex process as its very difficult to know what people think and learn in various situations. Dewey gave a valuable contribution through his introduction to "How We Think " which describes that how thinking is used in various senses . According to him thinking is a stream of consciousness where lots of ideas , dreams and daydreams came into mind everyday . So its something which can't be controlled or rather say an uncontrollable process.
In the process of thinking its the learner who play a central role as they are the one who controls the process of thinking , dreaming and daydreaming . In this field Flavell has coined the term " meta cognition " which means "thinking about thinking" . So its a process of self regulation . At the end three main perspectives are given they are psychological , sociological and philosophical . All these three focuses on one main point and that is thinking .
So in nutshell we can say that it is an article about thinking process which is complex in understanding and where learner is the center of the process . Moreover it also focuses on three main perspectives of thinking .
Article:-2
ReplyDeleteNames: - Vikas Baria and Sunita Vankar
Article name:-What is thinking?
Thinking is a difficult for everyone. In this article Dewey’s gives his view on term “thinking” in different sense.
Thinking as a “Stream of consciousness”,
Thinking as an “imagination or mindfulness”,
Thinking as “synonymous with believing in statement”,
Reflective Thinking as a chain of thought leading.
Teachers play important role to develop reflective thinking of students in education system. Psychology of education identified crucial role of metacognition education. Many classrooms are based on theory of metacognition.
There are three major perspective which gives value to educators and learner related to thinking.
1) Psychological perspective
2) Sociological perspective
3) Philosophical perspective
All these three perspective of the thinking highlight mental process of the thinking which takes place in mind. Thinking is an internal and mental process. That constructs and operates on mental. Thinking take place in mind consciously and unconsciously. And it takes place different context and different situations or time.
Article: 1
ReplyDeleteA Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking
This article talks about the history of critical tanking, when and how it was begun? By whom it was being used? How it’s extended in the different eras?
The roots of critical thinking were established way back in the era of Socrates. He gave importance to asking deep questions that led people into thinking rather than belief. His method of questioning is known as “Socratic Questioning”. And he give much important to seek evidence, assumptions, reasoning, close examinations and not only what is said but what is done as well. After Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Greek Skeptics, these thinkers believed that things are often very different from what they appear to be and what they actually are. Only trained mind is prepared to see what the things really are.
In the middle ages critical thinking was embodied in the writings. In the Renaissances, a flood of scholars in Europe begun to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. The article also talks about some books which were written on critical thinking. The books like, ‘The Advancement of Learning, Rules for the Direction, Utopia, The Prince, and Sceptical Chymists etc.
The article also talks about how the concept of critical thinking and its era changed and how it’s extended or accepted by the different field or people. In the earliest critical thinking concept was used for only human than by different era changing it is extended by thinkers. In eighteenth, the critical thinking was applied to the problems of economics and in nineteenth; it’s extended and applied to human social life. And it is continues applied from human life to biological, culture and linguistic etc. In twentieth, Sumner in his book emphasized the deep need of critical thinking in life and in education.
In nutshell, I would say that the article gives brief history of critical thinking and at the end it’s emphasized that critical thinking would much helpful for the students.
Article 1: A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking
ReplyDeleteName: Khushbu Patel, Priyanka Gavit and Nikita Patel
The first article talks about the brief history of critical thinking. It talks about the contribution of various thinkers in the field of Critical Thinking. The concept of critical thinking is 2500 years old, almost the age of Socrates. He believed that the people of their time did not have the ability to justify their claims to knowledge. He gave a concept of asking questions and deep thinking over any belief. His concept of ‘Socrates questioning” emphasized the importance of adequate evidences, rational foundation and intense contemplation. After that, his disciples like Plato and Aristotle continued their master’s legacy by the concept called “delusive approach’ according to it, the human mind simply believes whatever he/she watches instead of inferring deeper. Since then, Thomas Aquinas (middle age), scholars from Europe and others from England started to critically think upon art, human nature, religion, society, law, etc. Francis Bacon was concerned with the way we misuse our minds in seeking knowledge. His book ‘The Advancement of learning’ had the traditional agendas of critical thinking. Fifty years later, Descartes, a French scholar wrote a book entitled ‘Rules for the Direction of the Mind’ which might be called as the second text on critical thinking. In it Descartes argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. In the same time, Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, which questioned the established social systems which are in need of radical analysis. During the Italian Renaissance, Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’ critically assessed the politics of the day and laid the foundation for modern critical political thought. Hobbes and Locke presented same views in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. Both looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. Later in 17th and 18th century, Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton contributed their ideas in this field leading to the accepted notion that egocentric views of world must be abandoned in favor of views based entirely on carefully gathered evidence and sound reasoning. 19th century critical though believers marked a significant change in perception in various dimensions like capitalism, history of human culture, the unconscious mind, anthropological studies, linguistics, etc. William Graham Sumner’s ‘Folkways’ (1906), helped people develop more explicit formulations on the power and importance of critical thinking. At the end, we can say that critical thinking is all about examining the available facts in order to find the deep truth.
article 2
ReplyDeleteWhat is thinking
this part of the article talks about brief explanation about thinking. Dewey(1993) refers the term thinking as "stream of consciousness" and "uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads". The article also talks about the usefulness of the term thinking in educational context. It also explores the roles of the teacher and the learners in the process of thinking.
Psychological perspective
Since thinking plays an important role in decision making, many countries such as US and UK proliferates thinking in educational practice to improve the educational performance at international level which introduces thinking in pedagogy to stimulate more productive thinking. Thinking is considered as an internal mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. sometimes we do have no control on thinking process, we realize about the products of thinking later on after analyzing the situation.
Sociological perspective
Social environment plays an important role in everybody's life. People develop their ways of thinking according to the culture, they are living in. Culture influences one's way of thinking.
Philosophical perspective
Philosophy itself, and the issues related to philosophy indicate the way we think, know and learn. In contemporary educational philosophy, there are argumentation that whether general thinking skill to be applied across different context or specific context.
Article 1
ReplyDeleteAs we know thinking is a skill and one should developed such a critical thinking ablity in modern time where most of the things are in abstrac form. In accordance with history gave a idea about the usefulness of the critical thinking in different discourse,which make our thinking power rational
Task 1: foundation of critical thinking
ReplyDeleteIn this article talks about the critical thinking. Many critical thinker show their point if view in this article. Socrates is one of them who established the roots of critical thinking. Socrates also established the method of questioning which is known as ‘Socrates questioning’. In the middle age Thomas Aquinas gave his principle for critical thinking. However in the renaissance many scholars from Europe like Moore, Colet who follow Socrates in critical thinking, and gave own opinions regarding religion, art, law and freedom. While, in 19th and 20th century scholar gave contribution in the critical thinking. In 20th century, William Graham summer published ‘Folkway’, in which he describes the tendency of the human mind to think social- centrically and the parallel tendency for school to serve the function of social introduction.
To sum up, this article presents the history of critical thinking and focus on the importance of critical thinking in modern era.
Task: 2 what is critical thinking?
In general terms critical thinking is analytical (structure), evaluation (quality) and improvement (have you learned) thinking.
Its process of thinking and learning in different circumstances. Dewey’s gave important introduction on ‘How We Think’ which is describe that how thinking is useful in different sense. In terms of the educational contexts, it is process such as remembering, reasoning, solving problem or imaging some situation. The issue hear is control, learner can control his own thinking. Perry spoke about “meta- reason” and “meta- thought” but the coining of the term ‘metacognition’ is usually attributed to flavell. There are three mainly perspectives, which are psychological, sociological and philosophical. All of those focus on thinking, situation of mind etc.
In conclusion we can say that it is an article about the critical thinking which is focus on human thinking with different prospective.
Artical part 2 give an general idea about what is thinking in different discourse. Here, Dewey define the term thinking as 'stream of consciousness'or uncontrolled process of ideas through head', onthe other heand it provide usefulness of thinking in education context. As early mentions that the role of thinking in different discourse are :
ReplyDeletePsychological perspactive: It is a psychological or mental uncontrolled process of discovering thought about different subject; by specifing in educational context provide effective and productive idea to understand the pedagogy of respective subject.
Social perspactive : Human being surrounded by various social values which made by society which play major role to develop once social thinking .
Philosophical perspactive: the discourse of philosophy is itself a school of productive and intellectual thinking.
Article 1
ReplyDeleteA Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking was written by Richards Paul, Linda Elder and Ted Bartell.
The article is mainly focus on the history of critical thinking. It highlights about different thinkers idea of critical thinking. It is believe that tradition of critical thinking started from Socrates and some other scholars gave other approaches in different time. It also talks about the basic requirement for learner, while they develop their thinking process in other subjects. It explains on aim of the critical thinking in present time. In a nutshell, the article gives the information of history of the critical thinkers and why critical thinking is important.
Reference Article: What is Thinking?
ReplyDeleteThe paper tries to outline the process and describe various aspects and perspectives of “thinking”:
• Dewey’s definition on Thinking?
• John Flavell’s definition of Metacognition
• Psychological perspectives
• Sociological perspectives
• Philosophical perspectives
JohnDewey examines what separates thinking, a basic human faculty we take for granted, from thinking well, what it takes to train ourselves into mastering the art of thinking, and how we can channel our natural curiosity in a productive way when confronted with an overflow of information.Dewey (1933) suggests that reflective thinking is an active, persistent, and careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge, of the grounds that support that knowledge, and the further conclusions to which that knowledge leads.
"Metacognition" is often simply defined as "thinking about thinking." Intentional thought about one’s own thinking (metacognition) is generally regarded as an essential component of successful thinkers and learners. William Perry and John Flavell coined and defined the term Metacognition which refers to higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning. Activities such as planning how to approach a given learning task, monitoring comprehension, and evaluating progress toward the completion of a task are metacognitive in nature. Because metacognition plays a critical role in successful learning, it is important to study metacognitive activity and development to determine how students can be taught to better apply their cognitive resources through metacognitive control.
Since the pioneering work of Bloom and his associates (1956), the past few decades have seen considerable advances in understanding the brain and learning. These new findings have significant implications for what instructors teach and how students learn.
The psychological, sociological and philosophical perspectives are briefly touched in the paper.
From the psychological perspective, huge interest in the teaching of thinking has been taken since it was considered very important for cognitive processes in educational practices. Cognitive psychologists used a metaphor computer for human brains where thinking is considered as an internal and mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. Therefore, psychological perspective adds to the development of thinking that will probably lead to any kind of learning.
Sociological Perspective: Thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions whether direct or indirect, and the individual’s thinking is affected by the various affordances and constraints of different contexts.
Philosophical Perspective: Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the development of knowledge: a genetic perspective. In contemporary educational philosophy, the most pertinent debate is how general aspects of thinking can be identified in different contexts.
group members : Honey Patel
ReplyDeleteChirag Modh
Ranjan Rathva
Article: 1 The concept of critical thinking is 2500 years old, almost the age of Socrates. He believed that the people of their time did not have the ability to justify their claims to knowledge. He was a believer of deauthorised knowledge. According to his idea, people no matter what power and position they have may be irrational and confused. He gave a concept of asking questions and deep thinking over any belief. His concept of ‘Socrates questioning” emphasised the importance of adequate evidences, rational foundation and intense contemplation. Socrates thoughts were inherited by Plato, Aristotle and Greek skeptics. They emphasised on delusive approach which shows human mind as ‘surface reality observer’. In which human mind tends to see whatever eyes appears in front of his/her.so through this concept the ancient Greeks gave the concept of ‘ analysing the deeper realities’ of things. As the time passed, Thomas Aquinas contributed the concept of reasoning through cross examination. At the time of renaissance (15th-16th cen.) concept about religion, art, society, human nature, law and freedom were added in the concept of critical thinking. Francis bacon a renaissance scholar in his book advancement of learning argued the importance of studying the world empirically. So, from renaissance scholars like Thomas Moore, Machiavelli (an Italian scholar), Hobbes, Locke, Robert Boyle, Sir Isaac newton, Spencer, Karl marks, Darwin, john Dewey examined the new dimensions of critical thinking. So to sum up, we can say that critical thinking is all about examining the available facts in order to find the deep truth.
Article: 2 ‘Thinking’ is basically a process to understand anything. This anything can cover small things like word to big things like phenomenon. Dewey’s classic introduction to ‘how we think’ is an overview of the thinking process. It relates thinking with ‘stream of consciousness’ and imagination. Thinking in educational context is usually used to mean good directed process like remembering, forming concepts, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgement. Dewey believed that one must develop his / her reflective thought to participate effectively in his/her democratic society. Thinking is related to the fields like philosophy, sociology and psychology. Psychology of education has identified the role of metacognition and self-regulation as of crucial importance. Flavell (1976) is on a view that metacognism refers to one’s own knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them. If we talk about psychological perspective thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in mind. On the sociological perspective, thinking always has social influence whether direct or indirect. Philosophically thinking is related to theories of meaning. The development of knowledge is the main goal of thinking process.
Article: 2
ReplyDeleteName: Khushbu Patel, Priyanka Gavit and Nikita Patel
What is thinking?
Dewey’s 1993 has described classic introduction to how we think in which he relates the term thinking with ‘stream of consciousness”, he also relates thinking with imagination or mindfulness. Dewey’s aim in defining and recommending reflective thinking as the basis of both rationally and action. From the psychological perspective, huge interest in the teaching of thinking has been taken since it was considered very important for cognitive processes in educational practices. Cognitive psychologists used a metaphor computer for human brains where thinking is considered as an internal and mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. Therefore, psychological perspective adds to the development of thinking that will probably lead to any kind of learning. From the sociological point of view, thinking takes place in a context which has social influence and interaction weather direct or indirect. Considering the philosophical perspective, aspects of epistemology, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language and related theories of meaning are relevant to an understanding of the way we think, know, and learn. To conclude, it becomes notable to act, behave or say anything with higher thinking capabilities.
Article-1 Foundation of Critical Thinking
ReplyDeleteThe article is about the history of critical thinking. The concept of critical thinking is 2500 years old. Socrates listed out agenda for the tradition of critical thinking called, ‘reflective question’. Many scholars shared their knowledge about critical thinking in different Ages. Scholars pointed out that critical thinking has its foundation in every discipline like social, political and science. In the history, critical thinking took its place gradually. Questioning and reasoning are fundamental for critical thinking.. In every disciplines like geography, economics, biology and chemistry students learn how to think critically. Students can critically think so that they can give reasoning for questions.
Article:1
ReplyDeleteA brief History of the idea of critical Thinking
This article talks about history of critical thinking.The concept of critical thinking is 2500 years old.The critical thinking were established way back in the era of Socrates.He establish the importance of seeking evidence. His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic Questioning" and is the best known critical thinking strategy.He highlighted the need in thinking for clarity and logical consistency.Socrates practice was followed by the critical thinking of Plato.In the Renaissance scholars of Europe begun to think critically about religion,art,human nature,law and freedom.some fifty years later in France,Descartes argued for the need for special systematic discipline of the mind to guide it in thinking.he defended the need in thinking for clarity and precision.He developed critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt.In the same period,sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order.In the Italian renaissance, Machiavelli's The prince critically assessed the politics of the day.Hobbes and Locke displayed the same critical mind that we found in Machiavelli.Eighteen century thinkers developing our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tool. In 20th century, William Graham summer published a land breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology , ‘Folkways’ in which he documented the tendency of the human mind to think socio-centrically and the parallel tendency for schools to serve the function of social indoctrination. therefore critical thinking developed till today.
Article :2
What is thinking?
This article talks about brief explanation about thinking.Thinking as a "streams of consciousness" and the everybody "uncontrolled coursing of idea through our heads" including dreaming and daydreams. The word "thinking" particularly in education context,is usually used to mean goal-directed process,such remembering,forming concepts,planning what to do and say.imagining situation, reasoning,solving problem,considering opinion,making decision and judgement and generating new perspective. There are three major perspective which gives value to educators and learner related to thinking. Psychological perspective, Sociological perspective, Philosophical perspective. All these three perspective of the thinking highlight mental process of the thinking which takes place in mind. In conclusion,This article focus on three main perspectives of thinking.
Article:1 - Foundation for critical thinking
ReplyDeleteIqbalhusain Momin
janki patel
This article talks about the history of critical thinking.Many of critical thinker mention their own point of view.The origin of critical thinking was established by Socrates.he established the fact that person may have power and high position and yet be deeply confused and irrational. and He gave importance to asking deep questions that led people into thinking rather than belief. His method of questioning is known as “Socratic Questioning”. and he established the importance of seeking evidence, Closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concept,and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well. Thus Socrates highlighted the need in thinking for clarity and logical consistency.
Socrates thoughts were inherited by Plato, Aristotle and Greek skeptics. these thinkers believed that things are often very different from what they appear to be and what they actually are.In the middle ages critical thinking was embodied in the writings. in the renaissance the European scholar began to think critically about religion,Art,society,human nature,law and freedom.The article also talks about some books which were written on critical thinking. The books like, ‘The Advancement of Learning, Rules for the Direction of the mind, Utopia, The Prince, and Sceptical Chymist etc.While, in 19th and 20th century scholar gave contribution in the critical thinking. In 20th century, William Graham summer published ‘Folkway’, in which he describes the tendency of the human mind to think sociocentrically and the parallel tendency for school to serve the function of social introduction.overall this article underlines the history and basics of critical thinking . It also highlights the importance of critical thinking in the modern times .
Article:2 what is thinking?
ReplyDeleteIqbalhusain momin
Janki patel
Thinking is a very difficult process. and Dewey's (1993) classic introduction to "How We think" offers an overview of some of the different sense. like thinking as a"Stream of consciousness" uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads.According to him thinking is conscious attempt to express ideas and beliefs. It is imagination.Its more easy to know someone’s behavior in different situation rather than what people think and learn in different situations. In the process of thinking its the learner who play a central role as they are the one who controls the process of thinking , dreaming and daydreaming .Moreover in this field there are there are different perspectives i.e. psychological, sociological and philosophical perspectives. this three things indicates that thinking is mind process which takes place in a mind consciously or unconsciously and always different in different contexts and situations.
Article 2
ReplyDeleteThe article explains about thinking.Dewatey (1933) gives some statements based on his experiences. Thinking used as goal directed process. We understand our own thought process through our knowledge. The article highlights three perspectives of thinking.
1)Psychological perspective – Bloom has associated with cognitive process. He believed that through thinking, we can improve teaching learning process. His theory helps to making new curricula and understands pedagogies. Many courtiers follow his theory.Thagard believes that first we organized of knowledge then thinking procedures happen in the mind.
2)Sociological perspective – It affects our thinking process. It talks about the experience of human and learn from our own behaviour. It helps in new situation.
3)Philosophical perspective – As learner, first we think on subject, then we try to gain the idea of subject, then we learn the whole concept of the subject. General critical skills may be used either different context or specific context.
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ReplyDeleteSummary of “Foundation for critical thinking”
ReplyDeleteHere the article is about the foundation of critical thinking, so here find the history of critical thinking- how it come, who discovered this thing, Why they feel that there is a need of critical thinking. In this article we can find a vision of “Socrates” who discovered questions on thinking, who established the importance of seeking evidence, closed examining reasoning and assumption analysing, basic concepts. This method of questioning is known as “Socrates questioning” which is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. So here the beginning of article describes about Socrates and about his views on critical thinking. Then we can find another history which happened in middle age, also in the renaissance, the history after the fifty years of the renaissance which was in France, in Italian renaissance. We can find the contribution of different scholars or critical thinkers. Here we can find the information or the history about the thinkers of eighteenth century who extended the conception of critical thought. Here is the description of the critical thinking which more extended in 19th and 20th century.
Here we can say that the article is about the history, and the development of critical thinking.
Article 2
ReplyDeleteWhat is thinking?
Thinking, the term is difficult to understand but in this article Dewey has explained clearly that ‘What is thinking’. The article talks about thinking and it also talks different views of thinking namely psychological perspective, Sociological perspective, and Philosophical perspective.
According to him thinking is a ‘stream of consciousness’. It means flow of uncontrolled ideas will continues in our mind and it can never stop. He further says that, thinking is an imagination and belief. Though thinking we can imagine something and assume or guess something in our mind.
In education thinking play a major role. It helps the learners and the teachers in remembering, forming concept, planning what to do and say, solving problems etc. Dewey emphasize on the reflective thinking in education. The article also talks about the importance of metacognition in the education.
The views of thinking:
Psychological perspective:
Psychological thinking means to think cognitively or intellectually rather than emotionally. Blooms and his associate psychologists have developed teaching of thinking in classroom. Nowadays it is necessary to teach thinking in language classroom to develop creativity and problem solving attitude.
Sociological perspectives:
The man is a social animal so it’s obvious that mankind would think in the social environment. It means thinking always takes place in a context which has social influence and interaction. We can say that individual’s thinking is affected by social environment.
Philosophical perspective:
In education, there are different philosophical perspectives like philosophy of mind and language. Philosophical thinking means to seek reason or evidence and to understand the way we think, know and learn.
Group member: Jagruti Rathva & Bhavisha pawar
ReplyDeleteWhat is thinking ?
In general thinking means to think or guess on particular things. Thinking is a very complex process as its very difficult to know what people think and learn in various situations. Dewey gave a valuable contribution through his introduction to "How We Think " which describes that how thinking is used in various senses . According to him thinking is a stream of consciousness where lots of ideas , dreams and daydreams came into mind everyday . So its something which can't be controlled or rather say an uncontrollable process.
It has a various meaning according to psychological and philosophical meaning. According to psychology it means to think intellectually and cognitively.
Thinking always takes place in social context that's why social environment always affect the thinking process.
Article 1: A brief history of the idea of critical thinking
ReplyDeleteNames:-Bhavisha Pavar and Jagruti Rathva
The article talks about the critical thinking. Socrates talks about it. The concept of critical thinking is 2500 years old. His method of questioning is now known as a Socratic questioning and it’s best known critical thinking teaching strategy. “The advancement of learning” in this book he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically.
In the Renaissance 15 th and 16th Centuries a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about Religion, art, society, human nature, law and freedom. Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique. It was in this spirit of intellectual freedom and critical thought that people
such as Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the17th and 18th Century) did their work. In his Sceptical Chymist, Boyle severely criticized the chemical theory that had preceded him.
In the 19th Century, critical thought was extended even further into thedomain of human social life by Comte and Spencer. Applied to the problems of capitalism, it produced the searching social and economic critique of Karl Marx.
In the 20th Century, our understanding of the power and nature of critical thinking has emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations.
Article 1: A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.
ReplyDeleteThe article is about the history of critical thinking starting from Socrates to the 20th century. It also highlights all the milestones in the field of critical thinking. It shows how critical thinking evolved in science, politics, and society. It talks about the usefulness of critical thinking in decision making or problem solving, and how we think logically, use our reasoning skill to analyze the things to reach to the final decision. In the end it says about some of the fundamentals of thoughts and reasoning which is the baseline for critical thinking. The article summarizes the brief history of critical thinking and its advantage to various educational disciplines.
Article 2: What Is Thinking?
This article talks about thinking process. Thinking is very complex process as it is very difficult to know what people think and learn in various situations. Deway talks about “How We Think”, it describes that how thinking is used in various senses. He refers the term thinking as “Stream of consciousness” and “Uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”. This article also explores the role of Teacher and the learners in the process of thinking. In the process of thinking learners plays a central role as they are the one who controls the process of thinking, dreaming and daydreaming. Flavell talks about the term “meta cognition” which means “thinking about thinking”. At the end, three main perspectives are given. They are psychological, sociological, and philosophical, focused on thinking.
Article- 1
ReplyDeleteWhat is Thinking ? (Excerpted from Framework for Thinking by David Moseley)
Dewey's (1933) introduced “How we think” in which he offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term ‘thinking’ is used: Thinking as a ‘stream of consciousness; thinking as an ‘imagination or mindfulness’, thinking as ‘synonymous’. In education field thinking plays an important role. It helps the learners and teachers in remembering, forming concept, planning what to do and say, solving problems etc.. . According to Perry(1970) “meta-cognition” means meta-reason and meta- thought.
There are three perspectives:-
• Psychological perspectives
• Sociological perspectives
• Philosophical perspectives
In Psychological perspectives Bloom and his associate psychologist conceptualize multiple of cognitive process as a means of improving teaching, learning and assessment. Thinking is become most important part of education. The process of thinking seems to be a process of teaching-learning and Assessment.
In Sociological perspectives thinking always take place in context. Learners always come across many contexts in which they engage and think according to their experience of society and culture in which they live it relates with the social influences our mind captures from society.
And In Philosophical perspectives it belongs to the philosophy of mind.
Article- 2
ReplyDeleteA Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.
Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years. The term critical thinking has its roots in the mid late 20th century. The roots of critical thinking are established by Socrates. He gave method of questioning is now known as "Socratic Questioning" and now it is know as critical thinking teaching strategy. It followed by the other critical thinkers like Plato,Aristotle and Greek skeptics.They mainly focus on the things that the trained mind is prepared to see through the way it actual looks. When we look at the history,it started from the Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Where it talks about religion,art,society,human nature,law,and freedom,etc.. . At the same period another scholar Sir Thomas Moore developed a model for new social order which is known as 'Utopia',where every domain of the present world was subject to critique. After that time some other scholars where came like Hobbes and Locke,Robert Boyle,Sir Isaac Newton gave their views in critical thinking. In the 18th century,The concept of the Critical Thinking moves further in the sense of developing and power. In 19th century it is regarded as human social life. While in the 20th century,it influence on the understanding of power and nature of critical thinking.
To Sum up can say that the tools and resources of critical thinkers have been extremely become larger in the history of critical thought.Thinkers have mainly contributed for its development.
Article 1: What is Thinking ?
ReplyDeleteThinking is process that understand or comprehend something.Dewey's defined "How We Think" it is focus on the consciousness to a particular things.
The thinking is connected to the remembering,planning to something,guess-something,generate our opinion.Different person have a different style to thinking and it is a individual process.It is a also part of the responsibility and ability to something new concept to our society or education.
In education the metacognition is the higher order skill or beyond the text.Its mean 'thinking about thinking'.
The lots of research after thinking is a positive statements or views a particular things to get hard work and use to the eligible context or strategies.
In this article there are three kinds of thinking process,
a)Psychological Perspective:
Basically in this term thinking is a cognitive process.It is about problem solvers to find out the way how to solve a particular things.It is describe to the third person and first person views to process of thinking.
b)Sociological perspective:
It is about to the different person has different society or culture.it's a social influence affected man to different style to thinking.It is a process simple to complex and their experience may be is helpful to the different aspects to relevant or not.
c)Philosophical perspective:
It is about to theories and new concept of a particular things in which some has not done before.to difined the genetics is heridity and genetics variaton.
Article 2 A brief history of the idea of critical thinking
ReplyDeleteThis article is mainly focus on the history of critical thinking and the different ideas of different scholar mention in his views .It is an ancient history to describe and to study the original history and to change the whole part of the history of critical thinking. Socrates talk about 2500 years ago methods. He established the fact the sound knowledge and insight. It is a question about method and it’s known for a ‘Socratic questioning’. He emphasize the deep problem of thinking and how to importance to be defined in a basic idea or concept. To also add human beliefs and logical thoughts and lack of human thinking.
Plato and Aristotle agreed for Socrates but they concluding various way to trained a human mind and to help of the particular things and understand the deeper realities, systematically and covered whole area of critical thinking.
The Renaissance scholar in Europe are to other aspects, they think very critically about the religion,art,society,human nature, law, and freedom because that all things are dependent for human and they established new concept about the critical thinking people are follows.
The other part of history Fifty years later, another books has relished and talking about special kind of discipline for mind to guide and developed to the method based on emerging questions, confusion, argued and tested.
Article-2 What is thinking? Thinking means the action of using one's thoughts and using one's mind.We can say that thinking means to think or guess on perticular things.According to Dewey's thinking is concious attempt to express ideas and beliefs.In the term of education it is a process of solving the problems and imagining some situation.In this field Flavell has coined the term "Meta cognition" which means "Thinking about thinking".There are three major perspective(1) Psychological perspective=Thinking plays an important role in decision making.It provides effective and productive idea to understand the pedagogy of respective subjects.(2)Sociological perspective=Social influences and interaction are always takes place in the context of thinking.(3)Philosophical perspective=In philosophical perspective it belongs to the philosophy of mind and thougts.
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